Monday, 3 November 2014

paper 12 English Language Teaching



Topic: The Nature of SLA and Learning.
           (chapter:12, 13, 25)
Name: Solanki Binita M.
Roll No: 04
Paper: 12
Subject: English Language Teaching-1.
Submitted: Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji,
                      Bhavnagar University.
                       (Department of English).
Introduction:
                       12.  Second Language Acquisition:
                                The term Second language acquisition refer to processes through which someone acquires one or more second or foreign language. Means second language is adopt by us.
                       Product means second language learner, processes means mental environment factors influence acquisition processes and research are than discussed followed by a review of current and future trends and direction. In this chapter David Nunan development of SLA From its origins in contrastive analysis.   
Background:
                       SLA emerged from comparative studies of similarities and different between language. First language and second language both are different to each other. Both are comparative studies in language. Different rule means ‘Negative transfer’ and similar rule means ‘Positive transfer’.
The systematic study of learners errors related interesting insights into SLA process.
SLA process:
·      Errors which were not predicted by CA hypothesis.
·      Similar patterns/systematic pattern.
·      Learner development through stage in teaching language.   
Research:
                       Product-oriented Research:
                                During the early 1970s a series of empirical investigation into learner language were carried out which became known as the morpheme order studies. In the 1980s Stephen Krashen was the best known figure in the SLA filed.
                       Process-oriented Research:
                                In this research focuses on activities or procedures which learners perform in relation to the input data. This research into modified interacting was strongly influences by Krashen’s hypothesis that comprehensible input was a necessary and sufficient condition for SLA.
Practice:      
                       In this section, learner do work on based what they learner. They presented their understanding. According to these hypotheses, innate processes guide SLA. The Processes oriented research work of long and others provide impetus for the development of task based language teaching.
Current and Future trends and directions:      
                       In a recent study Martyn investigated the influence of certain task characteristics on the negotiation of meaning in small group work looking at the following variables.
-        Interaction relationship.
-        Interaction requirement.
-        Goal orientation.
-        Outcome option.  
Conclusion:
                       In this chapter David Nunan describe the emergence of SLA as a discipline from early work in CA, error analysis and interlanguage development. Here he talk about how second language important.
13.  Bilingualism:  
                       Introduction:  
                                Bilingualism refers to the phenomenon of competence and communication in two languages. How two language communicate person, several question have been asked like that:
§  Monolingual or communicative norms.
§  Relative competencies in two languages.
§  Domains.
§  Components.
                                 This all are refer to how two languages communicate. Bilingual abilities involving two languages Bidialectal or Biscriptural. A final definitional issue concerns the relationship between bilingualism and multilingualism.
Background:
                        Bilingualism requires multidisciplinary investigation for it to be more completely understood. The bilingual individual is now recognized as the ultimate locus of contact of language change arising from content situation.
Research:   
                        The study of bilingualism as outlined above, is a relatively modern discipline. In multilingual India the three language formula: the regional language and the mother language .Many of the early studies in bilingualism were  case studies of particular countries or communities, involving an appreciation of history, politics and demography. In the context of societal bilingualism, language contact effects have often been observed.
Practice:
                       The recognition of bilingualism as a social, individual and linguistic phenomenon has several implications for education practice. A first task is therefore to understand the sociolinguistic situation in their particular society or community as well as to identify the assumption behind any bilingual education model.
Current and future trends and direction:  
                       This multidisciplinary approach to bilingualism has continue to be adopted. While bilingual education might have been the goal in the 1970s, at the start of the twenty-first century there is the cell for target.
25. Task-based language learning:
                       Introduction:
                        In contrast to form based approaches task-based learning (TBL) involves the specification not of a sequence of language items, but of sequence of communicative tasks to be carried out in the target language.
                       Task menace what?     
                                        Task menace is design by teacher for student. Task based on teacher method of teaching. Task-based learning is practical learning style.
                                        Language in a communicative task is seen as bringing about an outcome through the exchange of meaning. Here learners have freedom to give their view about point.
Background:
                       TBL grows out of the more general notion of communicative language teaching. Language in a communicative task is seen as bringing about an outcome through the exchange of meaning. There were two strands to CLT: (1) syllabus specification.
                                    (2) Methodological.
    The process syllabus differs from the procedural syllabus in two ways.
ü  The role of the teacher is not to demine unilaterally how learning will be organized and sequence, but to consult learners and help them realize their own learning plan.
ü Prabhu’s procedural approach deliberately avoids all focus on language. Students operating with the processes syllabus, however may choose for themselves to focus explicitly on language form.    
Research:
                        Researches are now beginning to look at the nature and content of task themselves. There has been very little formal research into TBL in classrooms, Come into play. Finally there is research on form-focused instruction. Researchers stress the importance of intellectual effort in the study of form. Task is based on topic so many types of task under varying condition.
Practice:
                       In practice most teachers use course books as a basis for their teaching, and then supplement the course books. The first principal of TBL is that units of outcome can be achieved through language than linguistics items as such. The second principal is that learning will be effective only if it related closely to language use and involves relating form and meaning. Tasks which involve a presentation of writing output and a higher level of accuracy.
Current and Future trends and direction:    
                       It is important that teacher question for themselves the principles and procedures which inform TBL. TBL in important to classroom practice. Small-scale research carried out by teacher also shed light on aspects of TBL and help us to create better condition for learning through the use of tasks. Topics investigation informally include:
ü  The relationship between task and interaction.
ü Allocating roles within tasks.
ü Acceptability of TBL.
ü Difference over time.
ü Imposing extra constraints on task performance.
Conclusion:
                       TBL represents an attempt to harness natural processes and to provide language focus activities based on consciousness raising which will support these processes. TBL is technical to learn practical. It’s very helpful to learner. 




 

                          


 
         

    
                        

  
                               

paper 11 The postcolonial Literature



Topic: Background reading Unite: 5.
Name: Solanki Binita M.
Roll No: 04.
Paper: 11.
Subject: Post-Colonial Literature.
Submitted to: Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji,
                         Bhavnagar University.
                         (Department of English).

Introduction: 
                         Colonialism was presented as the extension of civilization. And this term colony creates two different terms like that Colonizers and Colonized. There is no much difference between colonialism and postcolonialism. There are both of sit together.  The process of forming a community in the new land necessarily meant informing or re-forming the communities. These practice and writings are what contemporary studies of colonialism and postcolonialism try to make sense of.
                         We can say that colonialism was the midwife that assisted at the birth of Europe capitalism. Different between pre-capitalism and capitalism is often made by referring to the latter as imperialism.
                         Imperialism means like colonialism stretches back to a pre-capitalism past. If imperialism is defined as a political system in which an imperial center colonized countries, then the granting of political independence signals the end of empire, the collapse of imperialism. Imperialism can function without formal colonies but colonialism cannot. These different understanding of colonialism and imperialism complicate the meaning of the term ‘postcolonial’ a term that is the subject of an ongoing debate.
Meaning of Postcolonialism:  
                         Postcolonial theory is a generalized term used to describe the variety of events that took place in the aftermath of decolonized thought various nations.
                         Postcolonialism as a study addresses issues of power, subordination, race, gender inequality, and class warfare; but and linger far after the imperial powers exited the colonies. Postcolonialism includes a vast array of writers and subjects.
                         Some woman colonial writers draws a relationship between postcolonialism and feminism. For many of these writers, who live in strong cultural, language and the ability to write and communicate represent power.
Ania Loomba’s views about colonialism and postcolonialism:  
                         Colonialism is the physical occupation of territory and post-colonialism deals with the effects of colonialism on cultural and societies. In her book colonialism and postcolonialism, she mainly discussed about how colonialism relevant with the person, place or anything.
Globalization and the future of postcolonial studies: 
                         Globalization: 
                                        “The worldwide movement toward economic, financial trade, and communications integration.”
                         Somewhere in the globalization also near to the colonialism/postcolonialism. While another is globalization and social-networking through people come together and knew each other. There is no doubt that globalization has made information and technology more widely available, and has brought economic prosperity to certain new section of the world.   
Introduction about Key concept: 
                         Key concepts in post-colonial studies attempts to explain the most important term and concepts in English in post-colonial theory by providing an insight into their and by offering an count of the range of meaning with which they have been deployed.
Ø Appropriation:  
                A term used to describe the ways in which post-colonial societies take over those aspects of the imperial culture-language, form of writing film, theatre, even modes of thought and argument such as rationalism, logic and analysis-that may be of use to them in articulating their own social and cultural identities. In these areas, the dominant language and its discursive forms are appropriated to express widely differing cultural experience, and to interpolate these experiences into the dominant modes of representation to reach the widest possible audience.
Discourse:
                        This is a much used word in contemporary theory and in post-colonial criticism is mostly employed in such term as colonial discourse, which is specifically derived from Foucault’s use of the concept.
                        Discourse was originally used from about the sixteenth century to describe any kind of speaking, talk or conversation, but became increasingly used to describe a more formal speech, a narration or a treatment of any subject at length, a treatise, dissertation or sermon.
                        A good example of a discourse is medicine.
Foucault’s view of the role of discourse though is even wider and more pervasive, since he argues the discourse is the crucial feature of modernity itself.
Globalization:      
                        Globalization is the process whereby individual lives and local communities are affected by economic and cultural forces that operate world-wide. The term has had a meteoric rise since the mid-1980s, up until which time words such as international and international relations’ were preferred.
                        The structural aspects of globalization are the nation-state system itself, global economy, the global communication system and world military order. 

paper10 The American Literature



Topic : Historical background of the scarlet letter.
Name: Solanki Binita M.
Roll No: 04.
Subject: American Literature.
Paper: 10.
Submitted to:
                         Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji,
                         Bhavnagar University.
                         (Department of English).



Author Introduction:
           Nathaniel Hawthorne:
                                                  He was a 19th Century American novelist and short story writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature for his tales of the nation’s colonial history. Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850.
In ‘The Scarlet Letter’ many character. Who play different role means present the different life. Character like:
Ø Hester Prynne: She’s a self sufficient single mother. She is mother of pearl.
Ø Arthur Dimmesdale: He is man of mystery and man of Hypocrisy. He is also Hester’s secret, illicit lover.
Ø Roger Chillingworth: Roger Chillingworth is husband of Hester. He is interested in revenge.
Ø Pearl: Pearl is daughter of Hester.
                                           The central theme of the novel is that unconfused sin destroys the and its symbol, she wears the scarlet letter ‘A’. As a result , the sin does not destroy her inward spirit. Focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects of the sin on the people.
        Introduction about ‘The Scarlet Letter:’   
The Scarlet letter begins with a prelude in which an unnamed narrator explains the novels origin. After the narrator lost his job, he decided to develop the story told in the manuscript into a novel. The scarlet letter is that novel. The novel is set in seventeenth-century Boston, a city governed by strict puritan law. Three year pass. Hester is let out of prison and moves to outskirts of Boston near the forest. Hester and pearl leave Boston. Chillingworth dies a year after Dimmesdale, leaving pearl a small fortune as an inheritance. Many years later, Hester returns to her cabin on the outskirts of town. She still wears her latter ‘A’.
Background of the Scarlet letter and connection puritans: 
§  Massachusetts around the 1640’s:
                            Boston was founded in 1630, when a great number of puritans moved to what would be Massachusetts. As the puritans becomes stronger in Massachusetts they grew in the general court. Because of a single puritans or small group of puritans could not take total control of the court. This was the beginning of further laws to limit the power of the puritans, and their power diminished.
§  1850’s colonial American:
    The Scarlet letter was published in
1850s, by Hawthorne he began it in 1849 after he left the custom house.
ü  The term ‘puritans’ actually started out as a taunt or insult for someone who wanted to purify the Church of England in the era of Anglicanism.
ü The puritans refer to two distinct groups of people in the new colonies.
ü Puritans believed in the concept of “predestination”, which is the religious belief that god picks a select few to find salvation and the rest are sent to Hell.
Preface:  The custom House:
          In the custom House writing as an introduction to The Scarlet letter, Hawthorn give an autobiographical description of his life and time. The custom house is a root to reach the past. In this, preface, Hawthorne also shares his definition of the romance novel as he attempts to imagine Hester Prynne’s story beyond pue’s manuscript account.
          The narrator has already mentioned his  unease about attempting to make a career out of writing.
Connection between Hawthorn’s past and The Scarlet Letter:
          Hawthorn shows his critical attitude towards the puritans his book The Scarlet letter.
·      Hawthorn’s past led him to believed that maybe the puritan life style is not all it is cracked up to be.
·      Hawthorn also believed that we do not need to be shunned or banned because of one mistake.
·      Hawthorn show his critical attitude is through focusing on Hester the very embodiment of the defiance against the puritan way of life.
Conclusion:     
          The Scarlet letter is a gothic romance, not a historical novel. There was a more real life for Hester ,here in new England, that in that unknown region where pearl had found a home. So said Hester and glanced her sad eyes downward at the scarlet letter.