paper 8 cultural studies

Name: Solanki Binita M.

Roll No: 05.

Paper No: 05

Subject: Cultural Studies.

Topic: Study of Frankenstein.

Submitted to: Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

Introduction:

                           Mary Shelly was a revolusnationery writer. Her novel has morphed into countless from in both height brow and popular culture. She eloped to France with the Romantic poet P.B.Shelley.

                           The novel ‘Frankenstein’ is written by Mary Shelley. Novel is full of fiction. The writing of Frankenstein took place at Illa Dicdati on the banks of Lake Geneva. It is truly captivating powerful novel that analyzed ‘Monstrosity’ with regard to humanity. The novel secondary title ‘The Prometheus.’ However without a sound understanding of the context, in which the text was written one couldn’t completely comprehend the themes, ideas and reference did not present nor can the apparent link between monstrosity and humanity be completely fathomed.

                           In Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost god created all god created all human being but some human did not under control of him so god departed them and theme they had become Satan. Some negative aspects can been seen as monstrous if they resulted from humans from the text scientific context one can see that victor Frankenstein achievement was the objective for many scientists of that time.

                           Victor Frankenstein created in his monster is in one way a mirror of his own soul. Frankenstein rejection of his monster can be a representation of man being ironically disgusted at sin his own sin.

Revolutionary Births:   

                                  Born like its creator in an age of revolution, Frankenstein challenged accepted ideas of its day. As it has become increasingly modified by modern consumer culture, one wonder whether its original revolutionary spirit and its critique of scientific, philosophical, and political and gender issues have become observed instead its continuing transformation attests to its essential oppositional nature.

The Creature as Proletarian: 

                                                We recall from earlier chapter that Mary Shelley lived during times of great up heaval in Britain, not only was thinker but she also met many others such as Thomas Paine and William Blake, P.B.Shelley was thought of as a dangerous radical bent on labor reform and was spied upon by the government. We can take help of the example from Milton’s Paradise Lost. In this epic god governed Satan.

A Race of Devils:  

                                  Frankenstein’s Creature also recalls theories of polygeny and autogenesis from German race theories of the day. But Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak describes the novel as a critique of empire and racism, pointing out that “Social engineering should not be based upon pure, theoretical, or natural-scientific reason alone…. “Frankenstein” language of racism-the dark side of imperialism understood as social mission –combines with the hysteria of masculism into the idiom of sexual reproduction rather than subject constitution.”

                           Broadly defined, Franenphemes demonstrate the extent of the novel’s presence in world cultures, as the encoding of race and class in the 1824 Canning speech in Parliament, in today’s global debates about such things as genetically engineered foods, and of course in fiction and other media.

The Greatest Horror Story Novel Written: 

                     Apparently the first writer to attempt a straightforward short tale inspired by Frankenstein was Herman Melville, whose story “The Bell-Tower” was published in Putnam’s Monthly Magazine in 1855. The first story about a female monster is French author Villiers de L’Isle Adam’s “The Future Eve”, an 1886 novelette not translated into English until fifty years later, in which an American inventor modeled on Thomas Edison makes an artificial woman for his friend and benefactor, a handsome young lord who has despaired of finding a mate.

Frankenstein on the Stage: 

                                         The first theatrical presentation based on Frankenstein was Presumption, or, The Fate of Frankenstein by Richards Brinsley Peake, performed at the English Opera House in London in the summer of 1823 and subsequently revived many times.

Film Adaptations:

                           In the Frankenstein Omnibus, reader can study the screenplay for the 1931 James Whale Film Frankenstein, the most famous of all adaptation.
It was loosely based on the novel with the addition of new elements, including the placing of a criminal into the monster’s body.       

       

                         

paper 7 I.A.Richards Figurative Language

Name: Solanki Binita M.

Roll No: 05.

Paper No: 07.

Subject: Literary Theory & Criticism.

Topic: I.A.Richard’s Figurative Language.

Submitted to: Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University. 

Introduction:

                  I.A.Richards was an influential English literary critic and rhetorical. Richards is regularly considered one of the contemporary study of literature in English. Richards life and influence can be divided into period, which correspond roughly to his intellectual interest. Richards is often labeled as the father of the “new criticism”, largely because of the influence of his first two books of critical theory. I.A.Richards is at one with the new criticism in his stress on close textual and verbal stud of a poem.

                     According to Richards there are three objective to write, ‘The Practical criticism’.

·     To introduce a new kind of documentation.

·     To provide new Technique.

·     To prepare the why for educational method.

 In  his methodology, a lot of importance is given to the “words”. Richards provide the theoretical foundations on which the technique of verbal was built.

                  According to I.A.Richards language can be used in two ways, i.c. the scientific use and the emotive one. Two uses of Language shows the scientific way is precise, clear and matter of fact, but in poetry, one can make use of fiction and the author says that truth in a work of art means only the internal necessity or rightness of the work of art.

                     According to him the poets writes to communicate, and language is the means of that communication language is made of words and hence a study of words is all important it the meaning of work of art is understood.

Aim:

                     Richards says “I have set three aims before me in constructing this book.” And then says that “First, to introduce a new kind of documentation to those who are interested in the contemporary state of culture whether as critics, philosophers, as teacher as psychologists, or merely as curious person.

                     Richards’ work we can see that literary criticism factual, scientific and complete. It no longer remains matter of the application of set rules or mere “intuition” or impressions. His critical analysis, interpretation and evaluation have exercised considerable influence on the new critics everywhere. His approach towards criticism is pragmatic and empirical.

The Importance of Words:

                     A study of his practical criticism together with his work ‘The Meaning of Meaning’ his interested in verbal and textual analysis.

       Meaning of a word depends upon four factors these are:

1)                Sense:  

                      It meant some that communicated the plain literal meaning of the words.

2)                Feeling:  

                  It’s refer to the emotions, emotional attitude like that pleasure, unpleasure and the rest.

3)                Tone:         

            The writer use of words and arranges them keeping in minds the taste of his readers. Feeling is only state of mind.

4)                Intention:  

                     Intention controls the emphasis, shapes the arrangement, or draws attention to something of importance.

              Richards says “original language may have been almost pure emotive that is to say a means of expressing feeling about situation, a means of expressing impersonal attitude and a means of bringing about concerted action.”

              In the poem every words is very importance because every word has different meaning in different reader.

  Figurative Language:

                           Richards ‘methodology is a scientific one. His approach is specifically, inductive. Richards lays out the 13 poem together with the students responses to them, all this with a view to documenting the sheer variety and divergence of their interpretations of the very same work.

                           In Figurative Language critical commentary-causes of misunderstanding. The distraction of meter, Intuitive versus over-literal reading, Literalism and metaphor, poetic liberty, Mixture in metaphor, personification, reason for advantages of dangers of critical comparison. The diversity of aims in poetry.

v  Sources of Misunderstanding in poetry:

              According to Richards there are four sources of misunderstanding of poetry. His control of thought is ordinary his chief means to the control of our feeling and in the immense majority of instances we misread his sense. This element of truth in them makes them most deceptive and misleading. The reader may fail to understand the sense of the poet because he is ignorance poet’s sense.

v  The Value of Figurative Language:

                                         Poets use a figurative language, and this use of poetic figures poses a number of difficult and interesting problems. This power and value of figurative language, as well as problems and difficulties of figurative language in general, can be better appreciated by a study of a few concrete examples.

v  Mixed Metaphors:       

                                                Mixtures in metaphors work well if in the mixture the different parts or elements do not cancel each other out. The mixture must not be the fire and water types as it certainly is in the passage concerned. The mixture must not be of the fire and water like ‘woven’ does not mix well with sea and lightening.

Figurative Language:

                           The critic is the right in pointing out,  that if down were there, night and night’s lighting would not be present. But all such explanations are not sufficient to justify the presence of dawn in the poem. According to Richards language can be used in two ways, i.e. the scientific use and the emotive one. Two uses of language shows the scientific way is precise, clear and matter of fact, but in poetry one can make use of fiction and the author says that truth in a work of art means only the internal necessity or rightness of the work of art.

The Value off personification:

              Personification in the poem, amounts to a general objection to all personification and, therefore, deserves to be considered at length. It is so in the history of the race and in the individual biography. No wonder that if what we have to say about inanimate from only appropriate if strict sense is our sole consideration to persons and human relation.

Comparative criticism:

                                         Richards warns his reader poet and against the dangers of over simple forms of ‘Comparative Criticism’. A critic has compared the Shelley is clear in the conception.

                                  When after five verses of antics chiefly concerned with the could itself in its afternoon dissolution, he cuts the personification down, mixture his metaphors to reflect its incoherence and finally.

Conclusion:

                           We can say that, a proper understanding of figurative language needs closer study. Its literal sense must be carefully followed, but such literal reading must not come in the way of an imagination appreciation of it.       

paper 6 Barbarins,Philistines,Populist,Hebraism,Hellenism

Name: Solanki Binita M.

Roll No: 05

Paper No: 06

Topic: Barbarians, Philistines, Populist,

              Hebraism & Hellenism.

Submitted to: Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

 

Introduction:

     Mathew Arnold:

                                          Mathew Arnold was poet and critic. Arnold’s work as a critic beings with the preface to the poems which he issued in 1853 under his own name. His literary career leaving out the two prize poems had begun in 1849 with the publication of The Strayed Reveler and other poem by Arnold. Mathew Arnold “was indeed the mast delightful of companion”. Writers G.W.E.Russell in portraits of the seventies. Mathew Arnold has been characterized as a sage writer, a type of writer who chastises and instructs the, reader on contemporary social issues. ‘Culture and Anarchy is major work of criticism by Arnold.

               In easy  Culture and Anarchy in chapter three he write about the three class people and compare. He compare to Barbarians with Aristocratic class, he views that this class lacks adequate courage for resistance. He calls this class the Barbarians because they believe in their personal individualism, liberty and doing as one likes; they had great passion for field sports. Their manly exercise, their strength and their good looks are definitely found in the Aristocratic class of his time. Their politeness resembles the chivalry Barbarians, and their external styles in manners, accomplishments and powers are inherited from the Barbarians. The Barbarians brought with them that staunch individualism, as the modern phrase is and that passion doing as one likes, for the assertion of personal liberty, which appears to Mr. Bright the central ideas of English life. The Chivalry of the Barbarians, with its characteristic of high spirit, choice manners, and distinguished bearing-what is this but the attractive commencement of the politeness of our aristocratic class? In some Barbarian noble, no doubt, one would have admired, if one could have been then alive to see it, the rudiments of our politest peer.

Philistines:

                           The Philistines pent polis were ruled by Seranim, who acted together for the common good, though to what extent they had a sense of a “nation” is not clear without literary source.

                           Mathew Arnold use philistines in his easy culture and anarchy. In easy he compares philistines with middle class. The other class is the middle class or the philistines, known by its mundane wisdom, expert of industrialization and commerce. Their eternal inclination is to the progress and prosperity of the country by building cities, railroads and running the great wheels of industry.

                           The major opponents to culture Mathew Arnold calls philistines, thus giving rise to the modern usage of the term. The term used in a binary opposition to the term Barbarians both discussed at length in chapter 3. Philistines for Arnold are the middle class as being the major opponents to sweetness and light.

Populist:

                        Populist are seen by some politicians as a largely democratic and positives force in society, while a wing of scholarship in political science contends that populist mass movement are irrational and introduce instability into the political process. Populist democracy , including calls for more political participation through reforms such as the use of popular reforms such as the use of popular referendums. Populism has been a common political phenomenon throughout history.

Hebraism:

                     Hebraism is the identification of a usage, trait, or characteristic of the Hebrew language. Hebraism speaks of becoming conscious of sin, as a feat of this kind. Hebraism aiming at self-coquets and rescues. Hebraism which thus received and ruled a world all gone out of the way and altogether become unprofitable was and could not but be the later the more spiritual, the more attractive development of Hebraism. Arnold expands on this usage Mathew Arnold in culture and Anarchy describes Hebraism and Hellenism as the two point of influence moves our world. Hebraism speak of becoming conscious of sin, of wakening to a sense of sin, as a feat of this kind.

Hellenism:

                        Hellenism acquires spontaneity of consciousness with a clearness of mind. Hellenism keeps emphasis on knowing or knowledge. Arnold turns to sin that spoils the efforts to achieve Hellenism. The simple idea of Hellenism is to get rid of ignorance and to see things as they are and to search beauty from them. Arnold turns to sin that spoil the effort to achieve Hellenism. He calls it a mysterious power that is to man. The discipline of the holy scripture teaches how to avoid and stop the sin.

                     The final aim of both Hellenism and Hebraism, as of all great spiritual disciplines, is not doubt the same: man’s perfection or salvation. Hellenism and Hebraism both are directly connected to the life of human beings. Hellenism keeps emphasis on knowing or knowledge, whereas Hebraism fastens its faith in doing. One thing must be viewed that Hellenism of Indo-European growth and Hebraism is of Semitic growth. Hellenism and Hebraism are profound and aolmirable manifestations of man’s life, tendencies, and powers, and that both of them aim at a like final result, we can hardly insist too strongly on the divergence of line and of operation with which they proceed.

                       The rule of life must be based on the actual instinct of seeing things as they really are and guiding our moral impulses is that we can serve the ends of Hebraism and Hellenism. Human life under the spell of Hellenism and Humanism really are, and to see them in their beauty which would lead to ultimate truth.

   e                                

paper 5 The romantic Literature

Name: Solanki Binita M.

Class: M.A., Sem: 02.

Subject: The Romantic Literature.

Topic: Balances between sense and

            Sensibility. 

Submitted to: Department of English

                 Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.  

Introduction:

                    Jane Austen

Jane Austen was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Jane Austen born, December 16, 1775 and died July 18, 1817. She wrote some famous book like: Pride and prejudices, Emma, Sense and Sensibility, Persuasion, Mansfield Park.

                     Her novels, including pride and prejudices and sense and sensibility are considered literary classics, bridging the gap between romance and realism. Every fascinated by the world of stories, Jane began to write in bound notebook. Jane Austen also started to write some of her future major work the first called Elinor and Marianne another story told as a series of letters, which would eventually be published as sense and sensibility.

Short information about story.

              The Story revolves around Elinor and Marianne, two daughter of Mr. Dashwood by his second wife. They have a younger sister, Margaret and an older half brother named John. When their father dies, the family estate passes to John, and Dashwood women are left in reduced circumstances. The novel follows the Dashwood sisters to their new home, a cottage on a distant relatives property, where they experience both romance and heartbreak. The contrast between the sisters, characters is eventually resolves as they each find love and lasting, happiness. This leads some to believe that the book’s title describes how Elinor and Marianne find a balances sense and sensibility in life and love. The Plot revolves around a contrast between Elinor’s sense and Marianne’s emotionalism the two sisters may have been loosely based on the author and her beloved elder sister, Cassandra as with Austen casting Cassandra as the restrained and well. Judging sister and herself as the emotional one. Austen clearly intended to vindicate Elinor’s sense and self-restraint , and on the simplest level the novel may be read as a parody of the full-blown romanticism and sensibility that was the fashionable around the 1790s.

                  The novel display Austen’s sublet irony at its best with many outstanding comic passage about the Middleton’s, the palmers, Mrs. Jennings, and Lucy Steele.

Plot Overview:

When Mr. Dashwood dies, his esate-Noarland park passes to John, his only son, and child of his first wife. Mrs. Dashwood, his second wife, and their daughter, Elinor, Marianne, and Margaret are left only a small income. On his death bed Mr. Dashwood he asked John to promise to take care of his half sisters but John’s selfish wife, fanny soon perusals her weak –willed husband that he has no real obligated in the matter, and he gives the girls nothing, john and fanny move into Nor land as its new owners and the Dashwood women, new treated as guest in what was their home being looking for another place to live. Anne and Lucy Steele, cousins of lady Middleton, come to stay at Barton park. Elinor and Marianne spend the winter at Mrs. Jennings’ home in London. Marianne’s letters to Willoughby go unanswered, and he treats her coldly when he sees her at a party.                                             

v  How Austen is trying to make balance between sense and sensibility.

                           Marianne and Elinor Dashwood are two sister who couldn’t be more different from one another: Elinor is sensible and reserved, while her younger sister Marianne is passionate and spontaneous. The Dashwood sister’s lives changes forever when they find themselves guests in their own home after the death of their father.

                           After the Dashwood women move to a cottage found by Mrs. Dashwood’s cousin, Marianne is drawn to the romantic Willoughby. While Elinor keeps her truth feeling hidden, Marianne makes her known to everyone. As the Dashwood’s struggle with love and the loose of the life they had, they learn to find the balance between sense and sensibility. Austen tells us how much money they have, how much money will come to them, and particularly how much of it they are willing to share, using those factors to paint characters that are quite unlikeable.

                       The characters have this perfect mixture to flaw and virtue. At every scene we wonder who’s being smart, Elinor or Marianne. Many times we can’t help but to understand them and be on their sides, even when they sabotage themselves. In the story sea Monster is expanded edition of the beloved regency romance with thrilling all-new scenes of giant lobster rampaging octopi, two-headed sea serpents and other biological monstrosities.  As our story opens, the Dashwood sisters are evicted from their childhood home and sent to live on a mysterious island full of savage creatures and dark secrets. While sensible Elinor falls in love with Edward Fearrans, her romantic sister Marianne is courted by both the handsome Willoughby and the hideous man-monster colonel Brandon.

               Can the Dashwood sisters triumph over meddlesome matriarchs and unscrupulous rouges to find true love? Or will they fall prey to the tentacles which are forever snapping at their heels? With many strange and wonderful illustrations throughout, sense and sensibility and sea monster invades the prime and proper world of Jane Austen.

                  If we see the end of the book somewhat show how Marianne adopts some of Elinor’s sense and Elinor isn’t always capable of repressing her sensibility. I think Marianne’s sensibility consists not so much in the fact that she feels deeply as in the fact that she cultivates her own feeling. Her failing is that she values the emotion for itself- which is in the last analysis, a kind of fundamental insincerity.

                       The different between ‘sense’ and ‘sensibility’ is this , sensibility means to be over-whelmed with ones feeling. We can see that in Marianne and sometimes in Mrs. Dashwood they feed their grief. When Willoughby leaves she reads the book they read together sings the songs they sung together. I think Elinor is has sense in the context to being responsible. “sense” at the time meant “sensory”, “sensibility” meant “being sensible”. There is an irony in “sense and sensibility”, thought, however you define Sense and sensibility. While Marianne is the more romantic and emotional she winds up with a practical romance. Elinor is the more practical and restrained of the two, but she has the more emotional romance.

                    Elinor is the “sense” part: season, social responsibility and a clear- headed concern for the welfare of others. She’s the responsible one, the glue that holds the family together after the death of the father.  Where Marianne is obviously represents the “sensibility” part: emotional, spontaneous, impulsive, and devoted. So out there free spirited, carefree personality that is not afraid to show emotional anywhere, anytime.

                              It was mentioned more than once in the book two like when Marianne was mocking, Colonel Brandon with Willoughby and Elinor was defending him she said “Sense will always have attraction for me” and more than once Marianne mentioned how “sensibility” was important for her. They both are learn from each other’s character and by balancing those two extremes they both found happiness there’s also another explanation for it, that Austen meant by these contrast to relate to literally movements, Elinor represent with eighteenth-century neo –classicism, including, rationality , insight, Judgment, Moderation and balance. She never loses sight or propriety, economic practicalities, and perspective.

v  Conclusion:

            In the end both dispositions intertwined: Elinor finally managed to brake off of the shell in which she was enclosed in and said her true feeling about Edward: Marianne took more heed of her head and saw that love, in it’s purest form, is not and never-ending circus or showing off an exaggeration of her emotion and that a quiet love could be just or even more rewarding that the first infatuation.